Ms-158

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FCv[1]
1 1 1 1 : 3 = 0 · 333 1 1 : 3 = 0 · 333
1 1 1 1 : 3 = 0 · 333 1 1 : 3 = 0 · 333

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1r[1]

24.02.1938

Bass: Hat er je gezeichnet. Würde er's versuchen?

Lektüre:

Erinnerungen aufzeichnen.

24.02.1938

Bass: Has he ever drawn anything? Would he try?

Reading:

Record memories.

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1r[2]

Bordon wegen Briefen: Wo ist Foley in die Schule gegangen? Gibt es noch mehr Briefe von ihm. Schreibt er sie allein? Warum sind sie so zusammengefaltet? Woher das Papier? Kann man mit ihm über sie reden? Erinnerungen aufschreiben. Wie schaut die Kirche aus, Zeichnung. Verlust des Gedächtnisses?

Bordon regarding the letters: Where did Foley go to school? Are there any more letters from him? Does he write them alone? Why are they folded like that? Where does the paper come from? Can one talk to him about them? Write down memories. What does the church look like, a drawing. Loss of memory?

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1r[3]

Könnte man B. an den Ort seiner Tätigkeit führen?

Could one take B. to the place of his activity?

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1v[1]

Noten zu den Briefen: Zwei Schriftarten, Anzeichen daß die Teile auf verschiedene Art geschrieben worden sind. Woher die schlechte Orthographie? Beruf?

Notes on the letters: Two types of writing, signs that the parts were written in different ways. Where does the poor spelling come from? Profession?

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1v[2]

Nachsehen “Ogre £”!

Protestant oder Katholik?

Look up “Ogre £”!

Protestant or Catholic?

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1v[3]

Keine I-Punkte! War das früher so? Was bedeuten die Buchstaben M.A.F.C.I.I.?

Wie oft schreibt er?

Was ist Sinclairs & Julia Lestrange?

No I-dots! Was it like that before? What do the letters M.A.F.C.I.I. mean?

How often does he write?

What are Sinclair & Julia Lestrange?

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2r[1]

Sedobrol für ‘Tick’? Rub down für Dr.

Sedobrol for ‘Tick’? Rub down for Dr.

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2r[2]

Language obscene in many cases?

Language obscene in many cases?

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2r[3]

Bleuler.

Opium für Bass.

Bleuler.

Opium for Bass.

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2v[1]

endocrine system?

adrenals

medulla of adrenal gland

aplasia

endocrine system?

adrenals

medulla of the adrenal gland

aplasia

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3r[1]

“Was heißt das, Du willst nicht sagen, daß Du etwas hast?” – Ich will nicht sagen daß jetzt etwas bei mir ist. Daß jetzt etwas eine Beziehung zu diesem Körper hat die es sonst zu einem andern hat.

“What does that mean, you don’t want to say that you have something?” – I don’t want to say that something is happening to me now. That something now has a relationship to this body that it didn’t have to another one.

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3v[1]

Was weißt Du eigentlich, wenn Du weißt, daß Du das Bremseln spürst? Weißt Du etwas über Dich, über Deinen Körper? Weißt Du, daß er klagt? “Aber ich bin doch nicht zweifelhaft darüber, welcher Körper klagt!” Ich bin soweit zweifelhaft darüber, als ich es sein kann.

What do you actually know when you know that you feel this ‘aching’? Do you know something about yourself, about your body? Do you know that it is complaining? “But I don’t doubt which body is complaining!” I doubt it only as much as I can.

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3v[2]

Warum möchte ich sagen: “Du weiß gar nichts – Du äußerst etwas.”?

Why do I want to say: “You don’t know anything – you are expressing something”?

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4r[1]

Du weißt nur, worüber Du Dich objektiv vergewissern kannst. Du kannst Dich z.B. vergewissern, daß diese Empfindung “Bremseln” heißt. Man kann sagen: “das ist doch ‘Bremseln’”, indem man dem Andern einen elektrischen Schlag gibt.

You only know what you can objectively verify. You can verify, for example, that this sensation “aching” means something. One could say: “that is ‘aching’” by giving the other person an electric shock.

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4r[2]

Mein Problem ist doch: was kann man in dem Fall gegen die Anwendung des Wortes “wissen” sagen?

My problem is: what can one say against the application of the word “to know” in this case?

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4v[1]

Man könnte Einem, der seine Empfindung in den Worten äußert: “ich weiß einen, der …” – sagen: Du verwendest das Wort “ich weiß” in einer eigentlichen Weise.

One could say to someone who expresses his sensation in the words: “I know one who…” – you are using the word “I know” in a special way.

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4v[2]

Er hat es nämlich nicht so gelernt, wie normalerweise den Ausdruck “ich weiß …” Es gab in diesem Spiel …

He didn’t learn it that way, as normally the expression “I know…” is used. There was in this game…

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5r[1] &
5v[1]

Statt “man kann nicht” sagen: “es gibt in diesem Spiel nicht …” Statt “man kann im Damespiel nicht rochieren”: “es gibt im Damespiel kein Rochieren”. Statt: “ich kann nicht auf meinen Schmerz zeigen”: “es gibt im Sprachspiel “ich habe Schmerzen” kein Zeigen auf das was man hat.” Statt “man kann nicht alle Kardinalzahlen aufzählen”, es gibt im Spiel “aufzählen von Kardinalzahlen” kein Aufzählen aller Reihen-Glieder. ‘Wissen’ heißt nach gewissen Kriterien vorgehen & zu einem Ergebnis gelangt sein.

Instead of saying: “one cannot,” say: “there is not in this game…” Instead of “one cannot castle in checkers”: “there is no castling in checkers.” Instead of: “I cannot point to my pain”: “there is no pointing to what one has in the language-game ‘I am in pain.’” Instead of “one cannot enumerate all cardinal numbers,” there is no enumeration of all series members in the game “enumerating cardinal numbers.” ‘To know’ means to proceed according to certain criteria and to have arrived at a result.

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5v[2]

‘Das & das Wissen’ heißt zu diesem Resultat gelangt sein.

‘This and that knowledge’ means having arrived at this result.

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5v[3]

Wissen ist darum kontrollierbar.

Knowledge is therefore controllable.

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5v[4] &
6r[1]

Was ist der Nutzen eines Ausdrucks meines Wissens das niemand andrer mit mir teilen kann? Er wäre wie ein Geld, welches großen Wert für den Zahlenden, aber nicht für den Bezahlten hat.

What is the use of an expression of my knowledge that no one else can share with me? It would be like money that is of great value to the payer but not to the recipient.

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6r[2]

Ich möchte sagen: jedes philosophische Problem, entspringt eigentlich aus einem Charakterfehler.

I would like to say: every philosophical problem actually arises from a character flaw.

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6r[3]

Das Wissen kann man bestätigen.

Knowledge can be confirmed.

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6r[4]

Wissen ist etwas, wozu man gemeinsam gelangen kann.

Knowledge is something that one can arrive at together.

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6r[5] &
6v[1]

Ein Ausdruck des Wissens ist etwas, was sich bestätigen läßt. Ein Ausdruck des Wissens läßt sich auf seine Richtigkeit prüfen.

An expression of knowledge is something that can be confirmed. An expression of knowledge can be checked for its correctness.

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6v[2]

Wissen ist, was sich, nach objektiven Regeln, als wahr erweisen läßt.

Knowledge is what, according to objective rules, can be proven to be true.

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6v[3]

Eine Äußerung der Empfindung kann man irgendwie vergleichen dem Blatt, das ein Spieler beim Austeilen erhält. Es ist eine Ausgangsstellung des Spiels aber noch kein Ergebnis des Spiels.

An utterance of sensation can in some way be compared to the card that a player receives when dealing. It is a starting position of the game but not yet a result of the game.

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7r[1]

Die logische Notwendigkeit zeigt sich darin, daß wir nach Berechnungen Brücken & Lokomotiven bauen.

Logical necessity shows itself in the fact that we build bridges and locomotives after calculations.

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7r[2]

Die logische Notwendigkeit ist die Notwendigkeit so nach Gedanken zu handeln.

Logical necessity is the necessity to act according to thought.

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7r[3] &
7v[1]

Wie notwendig, – will ich sagen – muß sie uns sein, wenn wir uns in den wichtigsten Dingen nach ihr richten

How necessary – do I want to say – must it be to us if we follow it in the most important things?

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7v[2]

“Ich weiß jetzt einen …” dies hat nicht den Charakter einer Personenangabe, weil nicht den Charakter eines Wissens.. – Denn “ich habe …” könnte allerdings eine Personenangabe sein. Weil man nicht fragen könnte: zeig mir wie's Dich bremselt. Weil hier nichts zu zeigen ist.

“I know one…” This does not have the character of a reference to a person, because it does not have the character of knowledge. – Because “I have…” could, however, be a reference to a person. Because one could not ask: show me how you are aching. Because there is nothing to show here.

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8r[1]

“Ich habe …” ist dann eine Personenangabe, wenn es etwas über meinen eigenen Leib mitteilt. Dagegen ist die Äußerung einer Empfindung keine Mitteilung über mich; & die nächste Mitteilung dazu ist, daß ich jene Äußerung gemacht habe.

“I have…” is a reference to a person when it says something about my own body. In contrast, the expression of a sensation is not a communication about me; and the next communication is that I have made that utterance.

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8r[2] &
8v[1]

Wenn Du sagst: “Ich habe Schmerzen” so könnte Einer Dir antworten: zeig sie, wenn Du sie hast. Kannst Du nichts zeigen, dann weißt Du auch nichts.

If you say: “I have pain,” then someone could answer you: show it if you have it. If you can’t show anything, then you don’t know anything either.

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8v[2]

“Ich weiß einer der …” dabei zeigst Du auf Deinen Körper. Wahr; aber wozu? Was kann ich mit Deinem zeigen anfangen? Wie kann ich es verwenden? – Ist es nicht als sagtest Du etwa: “Es ist schön draußen” & zeigtest dabei auf Dich selbst? Du könntest ja da auch die Aufmerksamkeit auf Deinen sprechenden Mund lenken (wollen).

“I know one who…” and you point to your body. True; but to what end? What can I do with your pointing? How can I use it? – Isn’t it as if you were saying: “It is beautiful outside” and pointing to yourself? You could also direct attention to your speaking mouth (want to).

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9r[1]

Man könnte sich wohl denken daß jemand erst die Hand hebt bevor er das sagt um die Aufmerksamkeit in der Menge auf sich zu lenken.

One could imagine that someone first raises his hand before saying it in order to direct the attention of the crowd to himself.

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9r[2]

Wird denn etwas gesprochenes dadurch zu einer Personenangabe daß man dabei auf sich zeigt.

Does a spoken something become a reference to a person by pointing to oneself while saying it?

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9r[3] &
9v[1]

Denke man sagte: “Ich weiß Einen, nämlich mich. Au!” Aber wozu dienen die ersten Worte?

Imagine one said: “I know one, namely me. Ouch!” But what purpose do the first words serve?

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9v[2]

Angenommen, das Spiel sei dieses, daß der Arzt auf das Gesicht dessen zu schauen hat der sagt “ich habe Schmerzen” um gleichsam wie an einem Instrument zu sehen ob er den Ort des Schmerzes getroffen hat & ob sie abnehmen etc. – Könnte man dann sagen, die Aussage “ich habe Schmerzen” beziehe sich deswegen auf eine Person; ich gebe an, auf wen der Arzt zu schauen hat?

Suppose the game is this: the doctor has to look at the face of the person who says “I have pain” in order to see, as it were, whether he has hit the spot of the pain, and whether it is subsiding, etc. – Could one then say that the statement “I have pain” refers to a person; that I indicate to whom the doctor should look?

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10r[1]

Das englische: “I say!”

The English: “I say!”

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10r[2] &
10v[1]

Denke man sagte vor jedem Satz die Worte “Ich spreche:” & ihr Zweck wäre die Aufmerksamkeit des Andern auf den Sprecher zu lenken; oder man räuspert sich vor jedem Satz zu dem gleichen Zweck & der Andre habe sich auf das Räuspern hin nach dem der es tut hinzudrehen. Ist dann jeder Satz eine Aussage über den Redenden? Oder es hat jeder der irgend etwas sagt dabei die Hand zu heben.

Suppose one said the words “I am speaking:” before every sentence, and its purpose would be to direct the other person’s attention to the speaker; or one clears one’s throat before each sentence for the same purpose, and the other person turns to the person clearing his throat. Is every sentence then a statement about the speaker? Or does anyone who says anything have to raise his hand.

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10v[2]

Es handelt sich nicht um das, was ich ihm sage; sondern um das, was er damit tut.

It is not about what I say to him; but about what he does with it.

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10v[3]

Wenn man sagt, er fühlt den Schmerz, so fühlt oder beobachtet er nun nicht außerdem noch wer ihn hat. Wenn man sagt er sieht den Schmerz im Andern & fühlt ihn so kann man nun nicht sagen “in sich”.

If one says that he feels the pain, then he is not also observing who has it. If one says that he sees the pain in the other, and feels it, then one cannot say “in himself”.

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11r[1]

Man kann sagen: Manchmal beobachtet er Schmerzen in Andern, manchmal fühlt er Schmerzen; aber nicht “in sich”.

One can say: Sometimes he observes pain in others, sometimes he feels pain; but not “in himself”.

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11r[2]

Wenn ich ihm sage, daß ich Schmerzen habe, so schreitet er darauf hin nicht zu der Untersuchung ob wirklich ich sie habe & dann etwa zur Beseitigung.

If I tell him that I have pain, then he does not proceed to investigate whether I really have it, and then perhaps to alleviate it.

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11r[3] &
11v[1]

Wie wäre es mit dem Satz: Wenn man sagt: “ich weiß daß ich Schmerzen sehe” so hat der Arzt auf den zu schauen auf welchen der Sprecher schaut; wenn er aber sagt: “ich weiß daß ich Schmerzen fühle”, so auf den Sprecher selbst.

How about the sentence: If one says: “I know that I see pain”, then the doctor has to look at the person the speaker is looking at; if, however, he says: “I know that I feel pain”, then he has to look at the speaker himself.

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11v[2] &
12r[1]

Wenn ich sage: “Ich rede: …”, sage ich ihm erst wer redet? Wenn ich nun sage: “ich rede oft in Gleichnissen” so – möchte ich sagen – teile ich ihm mit, wer dies tut; aber nicht, wenn ich von einem Satz sage “Ich rede:”. Warum? Im ersten Fall möchte ich sagen, ich wisse etwas über mich; im zweiten nicht.

When I say: “I am speaking: …”, am I first telling him who is speaking? If I now say: “I often speak in similes,” then – I would like to say – I am informing him who is doing this; but not when I say of a sentence: “I am speaking.” Why? In the first case, I would like to say that I know something about myself; in the second, not.

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12r[2]

Es gibt ein gewisses Zeichen, wenn das gegeben wird, muß man auf den schauen, der es gibt, was immer dieses Zeichen selbst ist, ob es auf ihn selbst oder einen andern zu zeigen scheint.

There is a certain sign, and if this is given, one must look at the one who gives it, whatever this sign itself is, whether it seems to point to him or to another.

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12r[3] &
12v[1]

Das Spiel war nicht das, daß er lernte, zu beobachten wer etwas bestimmtes habe & daß der Andre dann nach meiner Beobachtung, die also auch geprüft werden kann, zu dem oder zu jenem geht. Ich habe es nicht so gelernt daß mein Lehrer & ich dasselbe beobachteten. Daß ich jenes Signal gebe, welches ich so & so gelernt habe, das ist maßgebend; nicht auf wen ich dabei weise.

The game was not that he learned to observe who has something specific, and that the other person then goes to the one or the other, according to my observation, which can also be checked. I did not learn it in such a way that my teacher and I observed the same thing. That I give this signal, which I have learned in this way, is decisive; not to whom I point while doing so.

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12v[2] &
13r[1]

Du kannst sagen “ich weiß wer die Schmerzen hat eben weil ich auch die Worte ich habe …” als dieses Signal verwenden kann. Aber wenn Du nun betrachtest, auf was hin Du das sagst, daß der Hinweis auf Dich gleichsam leerläuft – – – Ich möchte sagen der Hinweis auf mich im Empfindungssignal läuft gleichsam leer. Was tue ich mit dieser Anspielung auf mich selbst? Aber ich gebrauche sie ja. – Aber nicht als eine Anspielung auf meinen Körper nur so verstanden läuft er leer.

You can say “I know who has the pain precisely because I also have the words ‘I have’…” and use this as a signal. But if you now consider what you are referring to when you say that the reference to you is, as it were, becoming empty – – – I would like to say that the reference to me in the sensation signal is, as it were, becoming empty. What do I do with this allusion to myself? But I do use it. – But if it is not used as an allusion to my body, understood only in that way, it becomes empty.

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13r[2] &
13v[1]

“Diese Worte (welche immer es sind) weisen immer auf den, der sie sagt.” Dann sagt man aber nicht daß er von sich selbst spricht. Man sagt “sie weisen auf ihn”, wenn durch Beobachtung eine Richtung festgestellt ist.

“These words (whatever they are) always point to the person who says them.” But one does not then say that he is speaking about himself. One says “they point to him” when a direction has been established through observation.

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13v[2]

Es ist wahr, sie weisen auf niemand Andern hin.

It is true, they do not point to anyone else.

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13v[3]

Wenn er diese Worte hört, so schaut er auf den der sie sagt, er gibt nicht acht, auf wen er zeigt.

When he hears these words, he looks at the person who says them; he does not pay attention to whom he is pointing.

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13v[4] &
14r[1]

Wie ist es mit den Worten: “ich sage Dir: – – –” weisen sie auf eine Person außer mir?

How is it with the words: “I tell you: – – –”? Do they point to a person other than me?

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14r[2]

Meine Worte sagen ihm nicht daß ein bestimmter Gegenstand bei mir ist. Er gibt zwar auf mein Gesicht acht oder wendet sich wieder an mich mit einer Frage aber es handelt sich nicht darum daß ich etwas habe.

My words do not tell him that a certain object is with me. He does pay attention to my face or turns to me with a question, but it is not about the fact that I have something.

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14r[3] &
14v[1]

Unter welcher Bedingung werde ich Worte des Anderen als eine Schmerzensklage behandeln? Doch wohl wenn sie von den übrigen Zeichen des Schmerzes im allgemeinen begleitet sind. Ist das der Fall so werde ich mich nach ihnen wie nach einer Klage richten, was immer sie zu sagen scheinen.

Under what condition will I treat the other person’s words as a complaint of pain? Probably when they are accompanied by the other signs of pain in general. If that is the case, then I will act according to them as I would according to a complaint, whatever they seem to say.

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14v[2]

Denke, die Klage wäre: “Jemand hat Schmerzen” im klagenden Tonfall gesagt. Aber man könnte analog auch den Satz “ich habe Geld” ersetzen.

Suppose the complaint is: “Someone has pain” said in a complaining tone. But one could also replace the sentence “I have money” in the same way.

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15r[1]

Die Klage ist der Ausdruck des Schmerzgefühls nicht der Tatsache daß ich es jetzt habe. Ich möchte sagen wenn sie über den Schmerz redet dann nicht auch noch außerdem über mich. Aber das sagt nur: sie sagt nicht, daß ich irgend etwas habe. Soll ich sagen ich spüre jetzt den Schmerz oder daß ich ihn habe?

The complaint is the expression of the feeling of pain, not the fact that I have it now. I would like to say that when it speaks of pain, it does not also speak of me. But it only says: it does not say that I have something. Should I say I feel the pain now or that I have it?

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15r[2] &
15v[1]

Denk Dir Du sagst “das ist der Schmerz”. Und nun stell Dir den gleichen Schmerz vor, aber wenn nicht Du ihn hast.

Imagine you say, “This is the pain.” And now imagine the same pain, but if not you have it.

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15v[2]

“Der Schmerz, wenn ihn niemand hat, ist ganz angenehm”.

“The pain, when no one has it, is quite pleasant.”

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15v[3]

Die Klage behauptet nicht, daß mein Körper etwas hat; & darum kann sie nicht ‘von mir’ reden.

The complaint does not assert that my body has something; and therefore it cannot speak ‘of me’.

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15v[4]

Die Klage redet nicht von mir, weil von keinem andern Gegenstand.

The complaint does not speak of me because it does not speak of any other object.

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16r[1]

“Ich weiß doch, daß ich Schmerzen habe!” – Du sagst es jedenfalls, & mehr kann ich gar nicht wollen; aber die Frage ist: was geschieht mit dieser Aussage? Wozu dient sie?

“I know that I have pain!” – You say it in any case, and I cannot want anything more; but the question is: what happens with this statement? What is its use?

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16r[2] &
16v[1]

Wir verwechseln immer wieder Aussagen der Art: “ich bin mehr geneigt das dies als jenes zu nennen” mit Aussagen: “das ist dies & nicht jenes”. Alle metaphysischen Aussagen könnte man in der Form machen: “ich bin nicht geneigt dies ‘Satz’ zu nennen”, “ich bin geneigt zu sagen, daß eine Relation ‘besteht’ nicht, daß sie ‘existiert’”, “ich bin geneigt die Erscheinung eines Sessels einen ‘Gegenstand’ zu nennen” etc. etc..

We keep confusing statements of the kind: “I am more inclined to call this that than that” with statements: “This is this and not that.” All metaphysical statements could be made in the form: “I am not inclined to call this ‘sentence’,” “I am inclined to say that a relation ‘exists’ and not that it ‘subsists’,” “I am inclined to call the appearance of a chair an ‘object,’” etc., etc.

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16v[2] &
17r[1]

Wie könnte man entscheiden, ob, wenn Du Schmerzen hast, Du ein Etwas hast? Gut, Du bist geneigt, diesen Ausdruck zu gebrauchen; aber ist das das Kriterium daß es so ist? Du kannst ein Zahnrad auch als Briefbeschwerer gebrauchen. Dann würden wir etwa sagen: es funktioniert hier nicht als Zahnrad.

How could one decide whether, when you have pain, you have something? Well, you are inclined to use this expression; but is that the criterion that it is so? You can also use a gear as a paperweight. Then we would say: it doesn’t work as a gear here.

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17r[2] &
17v[1]

“Ich weiß, wer jetzt das Bremseln fühlt; nämlich ich.” Dies hat etwas Unbefriedigendes. Warum? Wenn es sich um den objektiven Tatbestand handelt, daß etwas eine bestimmte Beziehung zu meinem Körper hat, so ist nichts Unbefriedigendes in der Aussage.

“I know who is feeling the pain now; namely, I.” This has something unsatisfactory. Why? If it is about the objective fact that something has a certain relationship to my body, then there is nothing unsatisfactory in the statement.

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17v[2] &
18r[1]

“Ich kann Dir jetzt einen nennen, der das Gefühl hat; nämlich ich.” – Versteh ich Dich recht? Willst Du die Empfindung äußern? Oder hast Du vielleicht beobachtet daß Dein Körper zuckt? Du sagtest ja Du weißt etwas. Wenn ich weiß daß Du das Empfindungssignal gegeben hast, so hast Du mir eigentlich niemand genannt. Das Empfindungssignal nennt Dich insofern nicht, weil es Dich nicht mit etwas anderem in Zusammenhang bringt. Ich wende mich zwar zu Dir als hättest Du Dich genannt. Das Empfindungssignal sagt ja stereotyp “ich” nicht einmal ‘ich’, einmal ‘er’. Daher wenn ich weiß daß was Du sagst ein Empfindungssignal ist, so sagt mir das ich darin nichts mehr.

“I can now name someone who has that feeling; namely, I.” – Do I understand you correctly? Do you want to express a sensation? Or have you perhaps observed that your body twitches? You did say that you know something. If I know that you have given the sensation signal, then you haven’t actually named anyone to me. The sensation signal doesn’t name you in that sense, because it doesn’t connect you with anything else. I do turn to you as if you had named yourself. The sensation signal doesn’t even say “I,” or even “he,” in a stereotypical way. Therefore, if I know that what you say is a sensation signal, then the I in it doesn’t tell me anything anymore.

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18r[2] &
18v[1]

Ich kann mir eine Schmerzäußerung denken, in der der Klagende den Arm hebt & nach oben zeigt & sagt “es schmerzt ihn, es schmerzt ihn!”.

I can imagine a pain expression in which the complainer raises his arm and points upward and says, “it hurts him, it hurts him!”

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18v[2]

Don't say “it works”; you work.

Don’t say “it works”; you work.

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18v[3] &
19r[1]

Angenommen es gibt einen Schrei des Angriffs mit dem man sich auf den Gegner stürzt. Wenn er durch Worte “ich hasse Dich” ersetzt wird kann man nicht sagen, er rede von mir.

Suppose there is a cry of attack with which one rushes at the opponent. If it is replaced by the words “I hate you,” one cannot say that it speaks of me.

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19r[2]

Der Gruß: “ich grüße Dich.” Die Reaktion auf ihn ist nicht die auf eine Behauptung. Daher kann “ich grüße Dich” & “Gott grüße Dich” auf das gleiche hinauskommen.

The greeting: “I greet you.” The reaction to it is not a reaction to an assertion. Therefore, “I greet you” and “God greet you” can amount to the same thing.

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19r[3] &
19v[1]

Was heißt es nun, wenn man sagt: Der Gruß sagt nichts aus (oder: behauptet nichts)? “Ich grüße Dich immer zuerst” ist eine Behauptung. Sie kann bestritten werden: geprüft, etc. Der Gruß “ich grüße Dich” kann nicht auf seine Richtigkeit geprüft werden.

What does it mean when one says: the greeting does not say anything (or: does not assert anything)? “I always greet you first” is an assertion. It can be disputed: tested, etc. The greeting “I greet you” cannot be tested for its truth.

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19v[2] &
20r[1]

Man kann sagen er behauptet nichts von einer Person. – Nun sagt er aber doch: “ich grüße Dich” also sagt er etwas von einer Person aus, soweit der Wortlaut des Satzes dies bestimmt. Man kann also nur sagen, diese Worte werden nicht als eine solche Behauptung behandelt; sondern als Gruß. Worin liegt dies nun. Der Gruß wird nicht als Behauptung geprüft. Der Gruß kann z.B. auch eine Frage sein “how do you do?” die nicht als Frage behandelt wird. Die Worte “ich hasse Dich” können einfach ein Ausdruck des Hasses sein. Aber auch unter Umständen, eine Behauptung über die sich streiten ließe.

One can say that he asserts nothing about a person. – Now, he does say: “I greet you,” so he says something about a person, insofar as the wording of the sentence determines this. One can therefore only say that these words are not treated as such an assertion; rather, they are treated as a greeting. What is the reason for this? The greeting is not examined as an assertion. The greeting can also be, for example, a question, “how do you do?” which is not treated as a question. The words “I hate you” can simply be an expression of hatred. But even under certain circumstances, they can be an assertion that one could argue about.

§

20r[2] &
20v[1]

Vergleiche nun die Behauptung: “Der ist es welcher den Tisch schiebt” mit: “Der schneidet ein Gesicht”. Im einen Fall kann man fragen: “Ist es wirklich dieser, der es macht?”, im andern Fall nicht. Kann man nun beides Behauptungen über eine Person nennen? Man könnte nun in solchen Fällen die Form der Behauptung durch die Form ersetzen: “Schau sein Gesicht an!”.

Compare now the assertion: “He is the one who is pushing the table” with: “He is drawing a face.” In the one case, one can ask: “Is it really him who is doing it?”, in the other case, not. Can one then call both assertions about a person? One could now, in such cases, replace the form of the assertion with the form: “Look at his face!”.

§

21r[1]

Ein vielleicht besseres Beispiel: Ich zeige auf eine Stelle eines Papiers & sage jemandem: Dieser Fleck rötet sich jetzt. Da hat es keinen Sinn zu sagen: “bist Du sicher daß es nicht ein andrer ist?”

Perhaps a better example: I point to a spot on a piece of paper & say to someone: This spot is turning red now. In this case, it makes no sense to say: “Are you sure it isn’t another one?”

§

21r[2]

“Ich sehe eine Flamme, weiß aber nicht, ob sie da, oder dort ist”. – “Ich sehe eine Flamme weiß aber nicht ob ich sie da oder dort sehe”.

“I see a flame, but I don’t know whether it is here or there.” – “I see a flame but I don’t know whether I see it here or there.”

§

21r[3] &
21v[1]

Man könnte sagen: der Satz “Mir erscheint dort eine Flamme” ist keine Aussage über einen Ort.

One could say: the sentence “A flame appears to me there” is not a statement about a place.

§

21v[2]

“Ich sehe dort, dieses Bild” (welches ich nun zeichne). – Dies ist wieder eine Äußerung. Vergleiche den Ausruf: “Feuer – dort!” mit der Äußerung eines Schmerzes.

“I see there, this image” (which I am now drawing). – This is again an utterance. Compare the exclamation: “Fire – there!” with the expression of pain.

§

21v[3] &
22r[1] &
22v[1]

Aber warum nenne ich den Ausdruck des Schmerzes keine Behauptung? Doch offenbar, weil das Spiel das mit ihm gespielt wird ein ganz anderes ist als das, welches mit einer Behauptung gespielt wird. Es kann doch nicht sein, weil er das mit ihm meint & nicht jenes. Er sagt einfach diese Worte. Aber woraufhin sagt er sie? Auf eine Beobachtung hin, wie wenn er sagt ich habe den & den Ausschlag? Und der es hört sagt auch nicht: “laß sehen, ob Du wirklich Schmerzen hast.” Du sagst die Worte einer Behauptung, aber nicht im Spiel der Behauptung.

But why do I not call the expression of pain an assertion? Well, obviously, because the game that is played with it is quite different from the one that is played with an assertion. It cannot be because he means this or that by it. He simply says these words. But what is he doing when he says them? He is responding to an observation, as when he says I have this or that rash? And the person who hears it does not say: “Let me see if you really have pain.” You say the words of an assertion, but not in the game of assertion.

§

22v[2]

Wir empfinden gar keine Schwierigkeit bei dem Ausdruck: “Ich weiß jetzt, wer das Bremseln fühlt, dieser dort”. Wohl aber wenn es heißt: “ich”.

We don’t experience any difficulty with the expression: “I know now who is feeling the throbbing, that one over there.” But we do when it says: “I.”

§

22v[3] &
23r[1]

“Ich weiß jetzt wer das Bremseln fühlt: der da.”

“Ich weiß jetzt, wer das Bremseln fühlt; ich.” Man könnte erwidern: – Soll ich das als Äußerung der Empfindung nehmen, oder hast Du etwas an Dir beobachtet? Ist das das Empfindungssignal (entsprechend etwa einem Zucken des Gesichts) – dann weiß ich, was ich damit anzufangen habe. Oder soll ich es als Behauptung nehmen & kümmere mich um den Wortlaut nicht.

“I know now who is feeling the throbbing: he over there.”

“I know now, who is feeling the throbbing; I.” One could retort: – Should I take that as an expression of sensation, or do you have something observed in you? Is that the sensation signal (corresponding to something like a twitch of the face) – then I know what to do with it. Or should I take it as an assertion & not care about the wording?

§

23r[2] &
23v[1]

Denke, er schaut im Kreis herum & sagt ein & das andre mal: “Jetzt weiß ich, wer das Bremseln fühlt: der dort”. – Und dann zuckt er auf einmal selbst zusammen. War sein Zucken eine Aussage, wie die andern Aussagen? Das heißt: Geben wir dieses Zeichen auf Grund des gleichen Vorspieles, wie jene anderen Zeichen; & ist die weitere Verwendung dieselbe? Suche ich nach einer Bestätigung der Aussage, fragt der Andre mich, wie ich weiß daß …?

Imagine, he looks around in a circle & says again & again: “Now I know who is feeling the throbbing: he there.” – And then he suddenly twitches himself. Was his twitch an assertion, like the other assertions? That is: Do we give this sign on the basis of the same precedent, as those other signs; & is the further use the same? Do I look for a confirmation of the assertion, does the other person ask me, how do I know that…?

§

23v[2]

Die Äußerung der Empfindung eine Behauptung zu nennen ist deshalb irreführend, weil mit dem Wort “Behauptung” die Ausdrücke “Prüfung der Behauptung”, “Begründung der Behauptung”, “Entkräftung der Behauptung” etc. verbunden sind.

Calling the expression of sensation an assertion is therefore misleading, because the words “test of the assertion,” “justification of the assertion,” “refutation of the assertion,” etc., are associated with the word “assertion.”

§

24r[1] &
24v[1]

Die psychoanalytische Behandlung kommt wahrscheinlich meistens einer grauenhaft schlechten Beeinflussung gleich. Es wird nämlich zuerst eine Mythenbildung im Analysierten angeregt – & dann wenn diese die Persönlichkeit besitzt, heißt es: aber laß Dich das nicht stören. Die Mythen werden ihm im Gewand kühler wissenschaftlicher Tatsachen insinuiert; so daß sie nun in ihm ihr Wesen treiben aber für ihn unangreifbar, weil sie zu den wissenschaftlichen Tatsachen ad acta gelegt wurden.


The psychoanalytical treatment probably often amounts to a horribly bad influence. For it first stimulates the formation of myths in the person being analyzed – & then, when these myths possess the personality, it says: but don’t let that bother you. The myths are insinuated into him in the guise of cool, scientific facts; so that now they can rage within him, but are inaccessible to him, because they have been filed away as scientific facts.

§

24v[3] &
25r[1]

Das Empfindungssignal ist eine Äußerung meines Körpers, aber es nennt mich nicht; als es mich auch mit nichts Anderem in Beziehung bringt.

The sensation signal is an expression of my body, but it does not name me; nor does it put me in relation with anything else.

§

25r[2] &
25v[1] &
26r[1]

Ich möchte sagen: “der Hinweis auf mich in der Äußerung der Empfindung läuft leer”. – Aber er läuft nicht leer, insofern das “ich habe” ja den Fall von einem “er hat” unterscheidet. Man möchte sagen: “der Hinweis auf die eigene Person ist überflüssig wenn, der Andre weiß, daß die Worte das Empfindungssignal sind”. Aber sie als das zu kennzeichnen dienen ja die Worte “ich habe”. Man könnte also sagen: “sie dienen also nicht als Hinweis”. Sie haben eine Funktion, – charakterisieren ein bestimmtes Spiel, aber ihre Funktion ist nicht die, die man erwarten würde.

I would like to say: “the reference to me in the expression of sensation is empty.” – But it is not empty, insofar as “I have” does distinguish the case from “he has.” One would like to say: “the reference to one’s own person is superfluous if the other person knows that the words are the sensation signal.” But they are meant to serve as that. One could therefore say: “they do not serve as a reference.” They have a function, – they characterize a certain game, but their function is not the one one would expect.

§

26r[2]

Denk Dir statt des Seufzers “ach Gott” oder dergl. den Seufzer “ich seufze” eingeführt.

Imagine, instead of the sigh “oh God” or the like, the sigh “I sigh” being introduced.

§

26r[3]

Die Klage nennt den Klagenden nicht. Obgleich sie die Aufmerksamkeit auf ihn lenkt.

The complaint does not name the complainant. Although it directs attention to him.

§

26r[4] &
26v[1]

Die Klage: “Ich habe Schmerzen” sagt von mir in übertragenem Sinn etwas aus. Sie ist eine metaphorische Aussage über mich (d.h. über meinen Körper). Sie wird aber nicht als Aussage über mich d.h. über meinen Körper angewendet.

The complaint: “I have pain” says something about me in a figurative sense. It is a metaphorical statement about me (i.e., about my body). But it is not used as a statement about me, i.e., about my body.

§

26v[2] &
27r[1]

– – – Er läuft leer, wenn man sich denke daß die Klage aussagt “ich klage”.

– – – It becomes empty if one imagines that the complaint states “I complain.”

§

27r[2]

“Ich rede.” – “Das merk' ich.”

“I am talking.” – “I notice that.”

§

27r[4]

Er läuft leer, wenn uns die Schmerzäußerung auszusagen scheint: “ich äußere Schmerz”. (Als sagte Einer “Ich rede” worauf man ihm antworten könnte: “das merk' ich”.)

It becomes empty if the expression of pain seems to state: “I express pain.” (As if one said “I am talking,” to which one could reply: “I notice that.”)

§

27v[1]

Und “ich klage” als Klage wäre wirklich mißverständlich. Man könnte fragen: Meinst Du das als Klage oder als Aussage daß Du zu klagen pflegt.

And “I complain” as a complaint would really be misleading. One could ask: Do you mean it as a complaint or as a statement that you are prone to complaining?

§

27v[2] &
28r[1]

(Man möchte fragen) “Wie kann denn die Klage sagen, daß ich klage?” Nun, sie kann es – & sie kann es insofern nicht, als sie entweder als Klage oder als Aussage daß ich klage (etwa zu klagen pflege) aufgefaßt wird.

(One would like to ask) “How can the complaint say, that I complain?” Well, it can – & it cannot in so far as it is understood either as a complaint or as a statement that I complain (e.g., that I am prone to complaining).

§

28r[2]

Diese Philosophie arbeitet gegen die mythenbildenden Tendenzen in unserm Verstand.

This philosophy works against the myth-forming tendencies in our mind.

§

28v[1] &
29r[1] &
29v[1] &
30r[1] &
30v[1] &
31r[1] &
31v[1] &
32r[1] &
32v[1]

Dear Gilbert, I am sure you have been reminded of me several times in these last days reading the papers about Austria. As you can imagine I have been, & am, greatly troubled by the events. My relatives so far as I can judge are in no sort of danger as almost all of them are retiring & very respected people. My brother & sisters are, under the new laws, Jews (not however their children, as they had no Jewish grandparents & baptized greatgrandparents). Nevertheless, of course, the new regime is hateful to them. Now it is about myself that I really want to write. I have not yet heard from home at all since the invasion, but there hasn't yet been time, & my people would always try to give me news in the mildest possible form so as not to worry me. I have written home saying that I would come any time if they needed me, but I almost assume that they have no need for me (not that they wouldn't like to see me). I am placed in a queer position. As you know I am automatically becoming a German citizen, i.e. a German Jew. The very thought of becoming a German citizen is appalling to me, even apart from the degrading position etc., this latter I share with my relatives & could, I think, bring myself to bear. Though I don't know whether it may not continuously be preying on my mind. A still graver consequence however is this that on visiting Austria I shall, in all likelihood, not be let out to England again. You understand of course that it is out of the question for me to get any job there but even if it were possible I could hardly face such a possibility. You may call this weakness but such it is. My people are wealthyish & will probably even after all the changes have money enough to keep me. But I needn't say what that would mean for me. So I am now seriously considering the idea of acquiring British citizenship. You know that I had just thought of this possibility before though never giving it any serious consideration for reasons which you & I have talked about. They roughly are, that I don't wish to become a sham-Englishman. The situation has however changed in my eyes now as I have to choose between a new nationality which deprives me of everything & one which at least gives me the opportunity of working in a country in which I have lived most of my adult life have friends & have done my best work. I wish to God that there did not adhere to British nationality the respectability etc. etc. which (though it does not repel me) is not what I seek. But this can't be helped. There is one enormously strong reason which would for me speak against acquiring a new nationality & it is this, that in all likelihood as a British citizen I shall be barred by the Germans from re-entering Austria & therefore from seeing my family, except by meeting them, say, in Switzerland. But I don't see at present that this would be worse for me or them than my rotting alive in Austria or being haunted by a false position & anxiety in England. I am therefore considering trying to acquire British citizenship seriously. It may of course be that before even this comes about I shall be summoned home by a letter from my people (in which case I would go) but I have no reason to believe this; they would never dream of calling me unless in the greatest emergency. As you can imagine many Cabinet meetings have been held in my mind about these matters, but I also wish to talk them over with you – levelheadedly. I should like therefore to come to England in 12 days time i.e. on the … if you can possibly save the weekend for me. You might, just to make discussion easier, make some enquiries about the proceedings of nationalisation – unless, that is, you are in my case dead against it. Please let me know as soon as possible if, where & when you can meet me. Forgive me for making you read this long letter please don't throw it away & read it again if you can. Whatever you may think about my problem I am

always yours

bloodily

L.

Dear Gilbert, I am sure you have been reminded of me several times in these last days reading the papers about Austria. As you can imagine I have been, & am, greatly troubled by the events. My relatives so far as I can judge are in no sort of danger as almost all of them are retiring & very respected people. My brother & sisters are, under the new laws, Jews (not however their children, as they had no Jewish grandparents & baptized greatgrandparents). Nevertheless, of course, the new regime is hateful to them. Now it is about myself that I really want to write. I have not yet heard from home at all since the invasion, but there hasn't yet been time, & my people would always try to give me news in the mildest possible form so as not to worry me. I have written home saying that I would come any time if they needed me, but I almost assume that they have no need for me (not that they wouldn't like to see me). I am placed in a queer position. As you know I am automatically becoming a German citizen, i.e. a German Jew. The very thought of becoming a German citizen is appalling to me, even apart from the degrading position etc., this latter I share with my relatives & could, I think, bring myself to bear. Though I don't know whether it may not continuously be preying on my mind. A still graver consequence however is this that on visiting Austria I shall, in all likelihood, not be let out to England again. You understand of course that it is out of the question for me to get any job there but even if it were possible I could hardly face such a possibility. You may call this weakness but such it is. My people are wealthyish & will probably even after all the changes have money enough to keep me. But I needn't say what that would mean for me. So I am now seriously considering the idea of acquiring British citizenship. You know that I had just thought of this possibility before though never giving it any serious consideration for reasons which you & I have talked about. They roughly are, that I don't wish to become a sham-Englishman. The situation has however changed in my eyes now as I have to choose between a new nationality which deprives me of everything & one which at least gives me the opportunity of working in a country in which I have lived most of my adult life have friends & have done my best work. I wish to God that there did not adhere to British nationality the respectability etc. etc. which (though it does not repel me) is not what I seek. But this can't be helped. There is one enormously strong reason which would for me speak against acquiring a new nationality & it is this, that in all likelihood as a British citizen I shall be barred by the Germans from re-entering Austria & therefore from seeing my family, except by meeting them, say, in Switzerland. But I don't see at present that this would be worse for me or them than my rotting alive in Austria or being haunted by a false position & anxiety in England. I am therefore considering trying to acquire British citizenship seriously. It may of course be that before even this comes about I shall be summoned home by a letter from my people (in which case I would go) but I have no reason to believe this; they would never dream of calling me unless in the greatest emergency. As you can imagine many Cabinet meetings have been held in my mind about these matters, but I also wish to talk them over with you – levelheadedly. I should like therefore to come to England in 12 days time i.e. on the … if you can possibly save the weekend for me. You might, just to make discussion easier, make some enquiries about the proceedings of nationalisation – unless, that is, you are in my case dead against it. Please let me know as soon as possible if, where & when you can meet me. Forgive me for making you read this long letter please don't throw it away & read it again if you can. Whatever you may think about my problem I am

always yours

bloodily

L.

§

32v[2] &
33r[1]

In case I should acquire British citizenship I have thought of living not in England but, say, in Ireland where I am more obviously a refugee. That is if I can get work there. (I know I need not tell you that what I want is not just shelter, but the possibility to work for others.)


In case I should acquire British citizenship I have thought of living not in England but, say, in Ireland where I am more obviously a refugee. That is if I can get work there. (I know I need not tell you that what I want is not just shelter, but the possibility to work for others.)

§

33r[2]

You want to straighten out a knot by pulling the string tight. And as long as you pull the knot can't come undone. You feel there's still a knot so you pull. And the knot becomes smaller & harder.

You want to straighten out a knot by pulling the string tight. And as long as you pull, the knot can't come undone. You feel there's still a knot, so you pull. And the knot becomes smaller & harder.

§

33v[1]

One way of solving a philosophical problem is to tell yourself: it is insoluble. It isn't answerable or it would have been answered, you would have answered, long ago. It's not a kink, it's a knot. Don't look for an answer, look for a cure. Don't try to pull it straight, try to unravel it.

One way of solving a philosophical problem is to tell yourself: it is insoluble. It isn't answerable, or it would have been answered long ago. It's not a kink, it's a knot. Don't look for an answer, look for a cure. Don't try to pull it straight, try to unravel it.

§

33v[2]

‘Isn't then something there if a man truthfully says that there is?’

‘Isn't then something there if a man truthfully says that there is?’

§

34r[1]

‘Ist denn nichts da, wenn Einer wahrheitsgemäß sagen kann, es sei etwa da?!’

‘Is there nothing there, then, if someone can truthfully say that something is there?!’

§

34r[2]

I'm not teaching you anything; I'm trying to persuade you to do something.

I'm not teaching you anything; I'm trying to persuade you to do something.

§

34r[3]

What we do is much more akin to psychoanalysis than you might be aware of.

What we do is much more akin to psychoanalysis than you might be aware of.

§

34v[1]

Schopenhauer: “If you find yourself stumped trying to convince someone of something & not getting anywhere, tell yourself that it's the will & not the intellect you're up against.”

Schopenhauer: “If you find yourself stumped trying to convince someone of something & not getting anywhere, tell yourself that it's the will & not the intellect you're up against.”

§

34v[2] &
35r[1]

Looking for one cause, the cause, when there are 50. Suppose I want to show you the causes of the present Nazi regime in Germany – I should first of all have to persuade you, not to look for the cause. And this would be a difficult task & need work which you would have to do on yourself.

Looking for one cause, the cause, when there are 50. Suppose I want to show you the causes of the present Nazi regime in Germany – I should first of all have to persuade you, not to look for the cause. And this would be a difficult task & need work which you would have to do on yourself.

§

35r[2]

Surely there's something there, if a man can say truthfully that there is something.

Surely there's something there, if a man can say truthfully that there is something.

§

35r[3]

You see I'm only trying to solve i.e. straighten out philosophical puzzles; I'm not trying to make a more perfect language.

You see, I'm only trying to solve i.e. straighten out philosophical puzzles; I'm not trying to make a more perfect language.

§

35v[1]

‘Man kann doch mit gutem Gewissen sagen, es ist etwas da – wenn Einer wahrheitsgemäß sagen kann, es sei etwas da.’ – Gewiß –. Die Redeweise bringt ein lebhaftes Bild in uns hervor – & nun glauben wir, wir haben den Schmerz gesehen.

‘One can, with a clear conscience, say that there is something there – if one can truthfully say that there is something there.’ – Certainly –. This way of speaking evokes a vivid picture in us – & now we believe that we have seen the pain.

§

35v[2]

Wenn Einer, der glaubwürdig ist, mich versichert, daß etwas da ist, so glaube ich es. – Und was mehr kann ich verlangen?

If someone who is credible assures me that something is there, then I believe it. – And what more can I demand?

§

36r[1]

Ich bin in mein Talent verliebt. Das ist gefährlich.

I am in love with my talent. That is dangerous.

§

36r[3]

“Pain is something, pain isn't nothing.” Is this correct?

“Pain is something, pain isn't nothing.” Is this correct?

§

36r[4]

What I do is: I draw your attention to certain things.

What I do is: I draw your attention to certain things.

§

36r[5] &
36v[1]

‘Is pain something, or is it nothing?’ This question sounds rather silly (to us). And that's why I asked it. It sounds silly to us because we are at once inclined to give two answers to it & are not worried by it. And it is not silly because under certain circumstances this question may be very seriously discussed.

‘Is pain something, or is it nothing?’ This question sounds rather silly (to us). And that's why I asked it. It sounds silly to us because we are at once inclined to give two answers to it & are not worried by it. And it is not silly because under certain circumstances this question may be very seriously discussed.

§

36v[2]

‘Don't worry about this fool-question!’

‘Don't worry about this fool-question!’

§

36v[3] &
37r[1]

In philosophical puzzlement what plays a role besides disorder is a kind of mirage of a language which isn't there.

In philosophical puzzlement, what plays a role besides disorder is a kind of mirage of a language which isn't there.

§

37r[2]

What is your disease? You ask this question again & again. – How can one make you stop doing this? By drawing your attention to something else.

What is your disease? You ask this question again & again. – How can one make you stop doing this? By drawing your attention to something else.

§

37r[3]

You are under the misapprehension that the philosophical problem is difficult, whereas it's hopeless. I want you first to realise that you're under a spell.

You are under the misapprehension that the philosophical problem is difficult, whereas it's hopeless. I want you first to realise that you're under a spell.

§

37v[1]

If I leave the original example & pass to another example I do it because the philosophical pressure is not so high as in the original one.

If I leave the original example & pass to another example, I do it because the philosophical pressure is not so high as in the original one.

§

37v[2] &
38r[1]

Wie entsteht denn die Frage: ob im Traum das Schlaf- oder das Wachleben gestört ist. Es fällt uns auf einmal auf: “Wie können wir denn wissen, ob wir wirklich träumen?” oder: “Träumen wir denn wirklich, ist was vorgeht nicht nur ein eigentliches Erinnerungsphänomen nach dem Erwachen?”

How does the question arise: whether in a dream, sleep or waking life is disturbed? It suddenly occurs to us: “How can we know whether we are really dreaming?” or: “Are we really dreaming, or is what is happening not just an actual phenomenon of memory after waking up?”

§

38r[2]

I might say: ‘there is no such problem’.

I might say: ‘there is no such problem’.

§

38r[3]

Ein Sprachgespenst entsteht vor meinen Augen. Und nun möchte man danach haschen. Dreh das Licht an!

A linguistic phantom arises before my eyes. And now one would like to catch it. Turn on the light!

§

38r[4]

Hat die Frage Sinn? Nein – & auch wieder ja.

Does the question make sense? No – & then again yes.

§

38r[5] &
38v[1]

You can imagine a kind of dream-germ having happened & it expanding when you recollect the dream.

You can imagine a kind of dream-germ having happened & it expanding when you recollect the dream.

§

38v[2]

Words of disenchantment.

Words of disenchantment.

§

38v[3] &
39r[1]

‘Well I still feel, pain's something.” – “I feel the same. So – do we agree?” – “No, because you don't really believe, or think you don't believe, that pain is something.” – “No, I don't think it's a matter of belief.”

‘Well I still feel, pain's something.” – “I feel the same. So – do we agree?” – “No, because you don't really believe, or think you don't believe, that pain is something.” – “No, I don't think it's a matter of belief.”

§

39r[2]

“… If later he has a certain impression, he says ‘ …’.” “If later he is shown a certain shape, he says ‘ …’.”

“… If later he has a certain impression, he says ‘ …’.” “If later he is shown a certain shape, he says ‘ …’.”

§

39r[3]

“Later, under certain circumstances he says ‘I have pain’.” Which are these circumstances?

“Later, under certain circumstances he says ‘I have pain’.” Which are these circumstances?

§

39r[4]

Straightened out:

“If later he says ‘I have pain’, we …”

Straightened out:

“If later he says ‘I have pain’, we …”

§

39v[1]

Watson: “The key-question is: …”

Watson: “The key-question is: …”

§

39v[2]

“This expression suggests something else.” – What does it suggest? How can it suggest the impossible? – No – the expression suggests pictures which we are disinclined to use.

“This expression suggests something else.” – What does it suggest? How can it suggest the impossible? – No – the expression suggests pictures which we are disinclined to use.

§

39v[3] &
40r[1]

“This expression misleads us; it leads us to think that …” What sort of error does it lead us into? Does it lead us to think the impossible? – It leads us into puzzlement or it leads you into admiring, what I don't want you to admire, or it leads you into believing what is wrong or into doing what seems to me pernicious.

“This expression misleads us; it leads us to think that…” What sort of error does it lead us into? Does it lead us to think the impossible? – It leads us into puzzlement or it leads you into admiring what I don’t want you to admire, or it leads you into believing what is wrong or into doing what seems to me pernicious.

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40r[2] &
40v[1]

“Was tust Du?” – Ich mache eine gewisse Musik.

“What are you doing?” – I’m making a certain kind of music.

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40v[2]

Der Konflikt bricht aus zwischen den Sätzen – – –

The conflict breaks out between the sentences – – –

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40v[3] &
41r[1]

Der Konflikt bricht zwischen Sätzen aus, die, wenn jeder in seiner Sphäre ist, ruhig nebeneinander bestehen können. Die sich aber aus ihren Sphären herausgerissen, in den Haaren liegen.

The conflict breaks out between sentences that, if each is in its own sphere, can calmly coexist. But when they are torn out of their spheres, they are at each other’s throats.

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41r[2]

Wenn ich fühle, d.h. sagen will, daß die Schmerzäußerung durch etwas, durch den Schmerz, gerechtfertigt ist, & wenn ich mir sagen muß, daß sie durch nichts gerechtfertigt ist, – ist sie dann gerechtfertigt oder nicht?

If I feel, i.e., want to say that the utterance of pain is justified by something, by the pain itself, & if I have to say that it is justified by nothing, – is it then justified or not?

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41r[3] &
41v[1]

‘Gott! ich tue doch diese Schmerzäußerung nicht ungerechtfertigt! Es ist doch etwas da, was ich meine!’ – Aber alles das geht in Dunst auf, wenn ich denke, daß ich ja immer wieder eine neue Intuition brauche, um mir zu sagen, was “Schmerz” heißt.

‘God! I’m not making this utterance of pain unjustified! There is something there, which I mean!’ – But all of that fades away when I think that I always need a new intuition in order to tell myself what “pain” means.

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41v[2]

Wenn ich auf das & das zeige & mit Emphase sage, das ist doch “bu” bin ich (dann) gerechtfertigt, oder nicht?

If I point to this and that and say emphatically that this is “bu,” am I (then) justified, or not?

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42r[1]

Ich suche nach dem Zauberwort.

I am searching for the magic word.

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42r[2]

Ich möchte sagen: “Sehe ich es so an, so ist die Schmerzäußerung gerechtfertigt – sehe ich es so an, so ist sie nicht gerechtfertigt.” Aber wie, & wie? Ich sage einmal das einmal das mit Emphase.

I want to say: “If I see it this way, then the utterance of pain is justified – if I see it this way, then it is not justified.” But how, & how? I say once this once that emphatically.

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42r[3] &
42v[1]

Wir sagen die Sätze mit Überzeugung, weil wir sie, in anderm Zusammenhang, wirklich behaupten können. Der Nachdruck hängt der Behauptung meine Schmerzäußerung sei gerechtfertigt an von einem praktischen Fall; und woher denn dann der Nachdruck der Behauptung, die Äußerung sei nicht gerechtfertigt? Von der Behauptung, die Schmerzäußerung habe keine & bedürfe keiner Rechtfertigung. D.h.: “ich kann doch Schmerzen haben, auch wenn Du keine Ursache wahrnimmst!”

We say the sentences with conviction, because we can, in another context, actually assert them. The emphasis depends on the assertion that my utterance of pain is justified in a practical case; and from where does the emphasis of the assertion that the utterance is not justified come? From the assertion that the utterance of pain has no and needs no justification. I.e.: “I can have pain, even if you don't perceive a cause!”

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42v[2]

Du mußt Dich üben hier sowohl nichts als auch etwas zu sagen.

You must practice saying both nothing and something here.

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43r[1]

Go on playing this game if you like! –

Go on playing this game if you like! –

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43r[2]

This makes you feel that words are only words. (Or that words & images are only words & images.)

This makes you feel that words are only words. (Or that words & images are only words & images.)

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43r[3]

Is a caucus-race a race? Ist Daumenfangen ein Spiel?

Is a caucus-race a race? Is thumb-wrestling a game?

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43r[4] &
43v[1]

Language itself conjures up sentences (& images). Unsre Sprache selbst beschwört Sätze & Bilder herauf.

Language itself conjures up sentences (& images). Our language itself conjures up sentences & images.

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43v[2]

The pictures of motion, rest (absolute) & force were homely pictures.

The pictures of motion, rest (absolute) & force were homely pictures.

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43v[3]

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43v[4] &
44r[1]

All philosophical sentences ought to be written with exclamation marks at the end. (Or beginning with the words “But surely”.)

All philosophical sentences ought to be written with exclamation marks at the end. (Or beginning with the words “But surely”.)

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44r[2] &
44v[1]

“It's quite obvious to me that there's something there corresponding to the word ‘pain’! Isn't it obvious to you? –” – It is! But now let's see what we can do with this statement. First of all: What difference does it make to the practical use of the word “pain”? Admittedly none! Then what should speak in favour of our judgement? Then isn't it a queer sort of statement? I mean isn't it a remarkable sort of statement if we have in mind that it's the use we make of a statement, the game that's played with it in which usually its importance rests.

“It’s quite obvious to me that there’s something there corresponding to the word ‘pain’! Isn’t it obvious to you? –” – It is! But now let’s see what we can do with this statement. First of all: What difference does it make to the practical use of the word “pain”? Admittedly none! Then what should speak in favor of our judgment? Then isn’t it a queer sort of statement? I mean isn’t it a remarkable sort of statement if we have in mind that it’s the use we make of a statement, the game that’s played with it in which usually its importance rests.

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45r[1]

If then we admit that it is an idle wheel in the mechanism of language, let's turn it the other way. It will turn, though perhaps a little more stiffly.

If then we admit that it is an idle wheel in the mechanism of language, let’s turn it the other way. It will turn, though perhaps a little more stiffly.

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45r[2] &
45v[1] &
46r[1]

You say that it's obvious to you that there's something the word pain means. But you're not satisfied, for in the next moment you think that it might be any number of things corresponding to the word “pain”, & then again that there is not anything corresponding to the word “pain” but that what seemed to correspond to it was really part of the experience of saying it; etc.. In other words the pictures vary & replace one another, the language game however remains, only it doesn't really seem to interest us. If it did we wouldn't philosophize.

You say that it’s obvious to you that there’s something the word pain means. But you’re not satisfied, for in the next moment you think that it might be any number of things corresponding to the word “pain,” & then again that there is not anything corresponding to the word “pain” but that what seemed to correspond to it was really part of the experience of saying it; etc.. In other words the pictures vary & replace one another, the language game however remains, only it doesn’t really seem to interest us. If it did we wouldn’t philosophize.

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46r[2]

“But isn't it queer that I should wish to say such a sentence & feel as though it obviously made sense?” – Not at all. The sentence makes sense all right. Only the way you use it, that you use it in a philosophical discussion, is queer.

“But isn’t it queer that I should wish to say such a sentence & feel as though it obviously makes sense?” – Not at all. The sentence makes sense all right. Only the way you use it, that you use it in a philosophical discussion, is queer.

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46v[1] &
BCr[1]

“Then do you mean to say, that a man learns how to use these words & then (just) says them, for no earthly reason?” – Exactly; there is no reason here of the kind you mean. (If you say the reason is that he has pain it is analogous to saying: “the reason why he says that dx²dx=2x is that it is so.”) And you have to regard the utterance (without a reason) with the same respect as a statement that rests on a reason, not as something that lacks support.

“Then are you saying that a person learns how to use these words & then (just) says them, for no earthly reason?” – Exactly; there is no reason here of the kind you mean. (If you say the reason is that he has pain, it is analogous to saying: “the reason why he says that dx²dx=2x is that it is so.”) And you have to regard the utterance (without a reason) with the same respect as a statement that rests on a reason, not as something that lacks support.

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BCr[2]

“But do you mean to say, you've learnt how to use the word … & now you just say it for no earthly reason?” – Yes I just say it.

“But do you mean to say, you've learnt how to use the word … & now you just say it for no earthly reason?” – Yes, I just say it.